The formation of Pangaea Ultima will come with dramatic volcanic eruptions, dumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Researchers estimate atmospheric carbon will be twice its current level, making it even harder for the planet to shed heat from an ever-brighter Sun. And a supercontinent makes the whole situation worse. Having all of the land smooshed into one place in the tropics will increase the amount of landlocked terrain and drive extreme temperatures farther from the coast.

Models estimate that as little as 8% - 16% of total land mass will be habitable to mammals, and they’ll have to fight for those spaces alongside everyone else. Most of those environments will be constrained to the coastlines, Pangaea Ultima’s interior will likely contain large wastelands with average temperature between 104 and 158 Fahrenheit (40 and 70 Celsius).

That combination of forces will almost definitely trigger a mass extinction event and a dramatic evolutionary upheaval. It might even spell the end for the Class of Mammalia, but it almost certainly won’t be the end of humanity. By then we’ll likely have died out, moved on, or evolved into something which we might not call human. Maybe some combination of the three.

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